Reactive Metals as Energy Storage and Carrier
Aluminum appears to be a rather interesting ESCM, promising better performance and higher safety than hydrogen 5, 26 for large scale, global multisectoral
Extremely important is also the exploitation of aluminum as energy storage and carrier medium directly in primary batteries, which would result in even higher energy efficiencies. In addition, the stored metal could be integrated in district heating and cooling, using, e.g., water–ammonia heat pumps.
To this regard, this study focuses on the use of aluminum as energy storage and carrier medium, offering high volumetric energy density (23.5 kWh L −1), ease to transport and stock (e.g., as ingots), and is neither toxic nor dangerous when stored. In addition, mature production and recycling technologies exist for aluminum.
Aluminum appears to be a rather interesting ESCM, promising better performance and higher safety than hydrogen 5, 26 for large scale, global multisectoral energy storage. P2X applications would be favored by the high volumetric energy density of aluminum enabling rather easy and low-cost mid- and long-term storage.
State-of-the-art aluminum production (Hall–Héroult process) consumes about 0.4 kg carbon electrodes, 12.95 kWh of electricity, and 0.4 kg of carbon (from the electrodes) per kg of Al. 33 For the application herein proposed the electric energy consumed, 46.44–46.8 kJ g Al−1 according to the current best practice, 42 must originate from RESs.
Both solid (powder) and molten aluminum are examined for applications in the stationary power generation sector, including the integration of aluminum-based energy storage within aluminum refinement plants. Two innovative aspects are proposed in this work.
Nonetheless, the proposed approach based on aluminum appears to compete with P2P systems based on hydrogen implementing low and high temperature electrolyzers, especially in terms of storage needs (23.5 kWh L −1 volumetric energy density) and safety (aluminum, e.g., as ingots, is neither toxic nor dangerous when stored).
Aluminum appears to be a rather interesting ESCM, promising better performance and higher safety than hydrogen 5, 26 for large scale, global multisectoral
Aluminum (Al) batteries have demonstrated significant potential for energy storage applications due to their abundant availability, low cost, environmental compatibility, and high
The work also analyzes the current difficulties and development directions for the large-scale application of aluminum fuel energy storage
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